We all understand the importance of defensive training; we should always sharpen our skills so that when the time comes, we can effectively stop the threat to the lives of ourselves and loved ones.
However, I’ve noticed several items and tactics that the average citizen and many experts often overlook.
Let’s dive into those now!
Overlooked Defense Gear
Security Cameras
Body Armor
Flashlight
Utility Knife
Ballistic Equivalent Laser Training
The most overlooked gear is a security camera. Whether that’s one mounted on an exterior wall, dash cam, or body cam, these are vital tools to see what’s happening in an area or for looking back to find essential details that are easily forgotten.
Very few citizens consistently wear body armor, and while it doesn’t protect against everything, wearing body armor helps increase your chances of surviving stabbings and shootings.
A flashlight is one of the most handy tools to carry. It’s not only a defensive weapon but can also help when you need to go on the offensive by temporarily blinding or at least disorienting the threat.
I’ve lost track of how often I’ve needed a knife to open a box or cut something when my resources are limited. Carrying a utility knife will allow you to fix other gear when it breaks and open things that couldn’t otherwise be opened.
I’m a huge advocate for always training, but I understand training is expensive. You have range and ammo fees that only keep increasing in price. This is why I love the concept of laser dry-fire training. However, lasers shoot a straight line, unlike bullets; thankfully, there are high-quality laser training products that have fixed this problem so I can train inside and save a ton of money on ammo.
Overlooked Defense Tactics
Hand-to-Hand Fighting Skills
Defensive Driving Skills
Environmental Awareness Skills
De-escalation Tactics
Sometimes, the threat is far enough away that your 6.5 Creedmore or 308 Winchester is the perfect tool for the job, but that’s not always the case. Your primary weapon might get knocked out of your hands, or the attacker could be too close for you to get your weapon on target. In these instances, you need to know how to fight, and I’m not talking about a UFC fight. Understanding how to fight with a knife and bare hands is a life-saving skill.
You don’t have to drive very far down the road to encounter someone who shouldn’t be driving, but what happens when you meet someone angry with you? Do you have the ability to get out of that dangerous situation? This is a life-saving skill to develop, and many insurance companies will lower your bill for taking defensive driving classes because you’ll be less likely to be involved in an accident.
I’ll never forget in one of the first defense training courses I took, the instructor said,” To avoid being a victim, look like a hard target.” What he meant was to always be paying attention to your surroundings. It amazes me how many people are glued to their phones in public areas, especially high-crime areas. One of the easiest ways to avoid being a victim is to simply pay attention to your environment and notice things that seem out of place.
I’m pretty emotional, meaning I can get excited quickly. Since I know this about myself, I’ve been intentionally practicing de-escalating techniques. For instance, my dad and I were camping one time, and someone tried to take our camping spot after we had already paid. My dad was pretty worked up and not helping the situation, so I told him to leave while I talked with the individual. I could speak with the guy and agree just by getting my dad to back off and leave the situation while keeping cool and calm throughout the confrontation.
Parting Shots
Purchasing the overlooked items and developing the underrated skills above will allow you to be more prepared and effective whenever you need to defend yourself or those around you. Many of the things we talked about are relatively inexpensive and offer a tremendous return on investment.
Stay safe out there, and always watch your six.
Whether you’re a seasoned shooter or just starting out, Defcon Airsoft provides the tools necessary to refine your skills and drills in a safe and controlled setting.
The PPK-20 is a recent Russian submachine gun, representing a further development of the PP-19 Vityaz, which is utilized by the Russian police, certain law enforcement units, and the FSB security agency. Initially known as the Vityaz-MO, it was tailored to meet the requirements of the Russian military, diverging from its law enforcement origins. Eventually, its designation was changed to PPK-20. In 2022, this submachine gun was widely used by Spetsnaz units during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Design
The 9mm PPK-20 submachine gun distinguishes itself through its compact dimensions, reduced weight, the addition of an optional quick-detachable sound and flash suppressor, a folding telescopic polymer buttstock, an ergonomic pistol grip, and an ambidextrous fire selector switch. It combines the reliability and ergonomics of the modern AK-12 with a subcompact size.
PPK-20: The successor of the Vityaz submachine gun (Photo: XY)
The PPK-20 operates on a blowback mechanism and is chambered for standard 9×19 mm ammunition. When utilizing the 7N21 armor-piercing rounds, it can penetrate certain types of body armor. Besides the 7N21, PPK-20 can also use all types of 9×19 rounds.
Featuring a Kalashnikov-style combined safety and fire mode selector switch, the PPK-20 may be considered somewhat cumbersome to manipulate, offering settings for safe, semi-auto, and full-auto modes. The weapon is fed from detachable 30-round magazines and comes equipped with simple iron sights. However, the sighting line is notably short, resulting in subpar accuracy.
Left side of the PPK-20 submachine gun (Photo: XY)
Equipped with a Picatinny-type accessory rail and scope rail, the PPK-20 can accommodate various attachments such as tactical flashlights, laser pointers, and red dot sights. Primarily designed for close combat within buildings, its effective range in open areas extends to around 50 meters. Despite its short barrel, it remains lethal at ranges of up to 200 meters.
Variants
The PPK-20U is a lighter and more compact iteration of the PPK-20, boasting several improvements. Unveiled in 2021, it was specifically designed for military pilots as a personal defensive weapon. Weighing in at only 2.5 kg and measuring 41 cm in length, it is approximately 600 g lighter and slightly shorter than its standard counterpart. The barrel and receiver have been shortened to achieve more compact dimensions.
A close look at the PPK-20 fire selector (Photo: XY)
In terms of accuracy, it falls short compared to the PPK-20 and standard RPK-20. It features a new polymer grip, trigger guard, and handguard, along with an ambidextrous fire mode selector switch for thumb operation. Additionally, it sports a new folding, adjustable stock. The PPK-20U is capable of mounting a sound suppressor.
Thanks to its compact dimensions, the PPK-20U can be stored within a pilot’s seat or emergency backup, making it suitable for other units requiring a highly compact submachine gun, such as bodyguards, undercover security officers, and vehicle crews.
Ideally, we would have stocked up on firearms, ammunition, and accessories before prices went through the roof. However, for many of us, that isn’t the case.
Over the past decade and a half, I’ve witnessed gun-related products skyrocket in price, which has led many of us to cut back and only purchase the essentials, but what are the essentials?
For me, firearms, ammo, reloading supplies, and a few accessories are the essentials but which specific ones?
Keep reading to find out!
Firearm Accessories
I’m in the process of building an AR and decking it out with some accessories. However, I’m not one to cram everything I can onto my rifle or pistol. Call me old school, but I still enjoy the clean, limited accessory look.
Here are several accessories I consider adding to a new rifle or pistol.
Flashlight / Laser
Red Dot / Scope
Suppressor
Sling
Gun Safe
Extra Magazines
A flashlight is a must if you plan to use your firearm for home or self-defense. Not only does it help you see, but it will also temporarily blind or disorient an intruder, giving you the upper hand. I also recommend adding a laser, enabling you to get on target faster in a high-pressure situation.
All of my pistols have iron sights; however, depending on the application, I always add a scope or red dot sights to my rifles. I slap a red dot for close quarters; if I plan to shoot 100 yards or further, I install a scope onto my rifle.
I must admit I didn’t understand the craze about suppressors until I shot one. While they never sound like the movies, unless you’re shooting a .22 LR, they will still help protect your hearing if you’re forced to defend yourself and your loved ones. I think a suppressor mounted on a concealed carry handgun is not viable, but it’s necessary for a home defense rifle.
As a hunter, I understand the importance of a rifle sling. Once, I forgot to put a sling on my gun before I went on a 2-day hunting trip. After lugging my rifle around without a strap for two days, I vowed to always install one on my hunting rifles and shotguns. I also have one installed on my AR because it helps me stabilize the gun while I’m shooting.
Some states are passing or attempting to pass laws that require you to lock up your firearms when not in use. While I agree with this to a point, I don’t want my guns falling into the hands of the wrong person; I also need quick access to my weapons to protect myself. That’s why most of my firearms are secured in a gun safe.
If you can only afford one accessory, make it an extra mag. You can never have too many magazines because they break and make it much easier to carry spare ammo in your plate carrier, tactical backpack, or while concealed carrying.
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Ammo
Speaking of mags and spare ammo, you can never have too much of either. Yes, ammo prices are still expensive, but you can do a few things to help lower the cost of ammo.
Purchase Ammo in Bulk
Wait Until There is a Sale
Reload Ammo
When you buy bulk ammo, the manufacturer and retailer take off a significant amount per round. Yes, taking $0.05 – $0.10 per round doesn’t sound like much, but the savings begin to add up quickly when you consider purchasing 1,000 rounds of ammunition.
I only mentioned waiting for a sale to buy ammo because I’ve gotten ammo on sale in the past, but it’s been a while, so this is one I don’t count on but take advantage of if the opportunity presents itself.
Handloading and reloading ammo is the cheapest way to stock up on ammo after you purchase all the reloading supplies, which we will discuss next.
Reloading Supplies
If you’re a dedicated shooter who plans to train regularly, as you should, then learning to reload spent brass is a must. The most significant pain is the learning curve and the initial cost of buying all the reloading equipment and supplies.
Here is what you’ll need to get started handloading.
Up-to-date Loading Manual
Reloading Press
Primers
Priming Unit
Primer Tray
Powder
Powder Scale
Powder Trickler/ Dribbler
Powder Funnel
Bullets
Deburring Tool
Brass
Shell Holder
Reloading Die Set of Desired Caliber
Case Lubricant & Pad
Two Loading Blocks
Caliper
Case Trimmer
Several nice-to-have items make reloading go faster and smoother, such as,
Brass Catcher for Your Firearm
Case Cleaning Equipment
Scale Weight Check Sets
Automatic Electronic Powder Scale
Turret Presses
Flash Hole Uniformer
Primer Pocket Cleaner
Primer Pocket Uniformer
Primer Pocket Reamer
After the initial sticker shock from buying everything you need, you’ll be able to save money on ammo for years.
Reloading is an investment that will take a while to begin paying you back, but once you’ve developed a system, you’ll start saving lots of money because ammo prices will only continue to rise.
Firearms
New gun prices fluctuate only a little; generally, the prices of private and custom firearms rise and fall with demand. So, as long as you don’t purchase a gun at the market’s peak, you should get a good deal.
The problem is that we never know when the peak will occur. I’ve been on the short end of a few gun deals, but as I’ve been in the market longer, I’ve learned to spot the best deals and pass on the ones I might regret.
To my wife’s dismay, I’m a bit of a gun collector, so I purchase a variety of firearms. However, I try to keep my purchases in calibers I already own for three reasons. The first is that I already have ammo for my new gun, and the second is that I already have reloading supplies for it. Lastly, I know I enjoy shooting that caliber.
I also only purchase firearms I know I’ll use. Pistols, handguns, and shotguns are generally used for self-defense, while rifles and some shotguns are used for hunting. Even if you buy a new gun because it’s pretty or looks cool, at least you have a reason!
Parting Shots
Now that you’ve finished reading about the firearm essentials worth stocking up on, it’s time to begin saving and purchasing those items. I recommend taking your time and searching for the best deals instead of rushing out and buying it all at once unless you have money burning a hole in your pocket!
Stay safe out there, and always watch your six.
In partnership with the Government Training Institute. The Government Training Institute (GTI) was founded in 2003 to address needs of state and local law enforcement agencies throughout the United States with research-based training. GTI’s multiple courses contain a cooperative curriculum base and ongoing research from staff with extensive operational military and law enforcement experience.
Since the IDF ground operation in the Gaza Strip, fighters from the Hamas network have been engaging them with various small arms and rocket-propelled grenade launchers. One of the rounds used to target IDF tanks and armored vehicles is a rocket-propelled grenade named Al-Yassin 105. It is a heavily modified round based on RPG-2 and RPG-7 design. It is the successor of the previous Hamas Tandem 85 round. It is in 105/64 mm caliber meant to be used with the Yassin anti-tank launcher (Palestinean clone of the Soviet-designed RPG-2). The launcher and the round were named after the founder of the Hamas network, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It’s important to note that while some countries classify Hamas as a terrorist organization, others view it differently. The United States, Israel, and several other countries officially designate Hamas as a terrorist organization.
Introduction
The Al-Yassin 105 round was revealed in a video released in early November 2023 by the Al-Qassam Brigades, the armed wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas. In the video, they provided information about the 105mm anti-tank round named Al-Yassin 105. In the video compilation, it can be seen that Hamas fighters are launching rockets against IDF armor. Hamas confirmed in the video that the Al-Qassam Brigades in Gaza designed the Al-Yassin anti-tank round, which has a high destructive capacity. It was introduced into the service in 2023 during the latest conflict in the Gaza Strip.
History and development
The development of the Al-Yassin 105 anti-tank round began shortly after Hamas introduced the Tandem 85 anti-tank round for rocket-propelled (RPG) launchers. The Tandem 85 was modeled after the RPG-2 and RPG-7 rounds. It took years to modify this round to enhance its accuracy and power. Today, Hamas claims that Al-Yassin 105 has been successfully modified and can destroy everything from armored vehicles to the highly regarded and feared Israeli Merkava tank.
Named after Sheikh Ahmed Yasin, the founder of Hamas, these rounds were first used in a terrorist attack on Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip on October 7, 2023, during the ‘Al-Aqsa Flood operation. According to the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Hamas movement in the Gaza Strip, the Tandem 85 round was first used during the ‘Al-Furqan’ battle in January 2009.
It was initially employed to target an Israeli armored personnel carrier to the east of the town of Jabalia in northern Gaza, allegedly destroying it. In the ‘Al-Asif Al-Ma’kul battle in July 2014, Hamas used the Tandem 85 round, which proved its effectiveness by destroying nine Israeli tanks.
Tandem 85 RPG round (Photo: Twitter/X)
In February 2017, the Al-Qassam Brigades announced the development of a locally produced version of the Tandem 85 round, named the Al-Yasin 105. They claimed to have improved its accuracy and effectiveness against tanks and armored vehicles.
Features and specifications
According to the information, the al-Yassin 105 round consists of a dual destructive head with two charges, which explode in two stages; the first explodes and breaches the outer armor, and the second penetrates the tank’s steel and explodes inside it.
The range of the al-Yasin 105 round is estimated to be between 100 and 500 meters, with an effective range of about 150 meters, and its maximum speed reaches 300 meters per second.
The Sturmgewehr 44 is an iconic weapon deployed in the final days of World War II to alter the course of the war and provide Nazi German soldiers with a more reliable and powerful alternative to the Karabiner 98k rifle. Developed during World War II by the renowned designer Hugo Schmeisser, the rifle, also known by its early designations as the MP 43 and MP 44 (Maschinenpistole 43 and 44), marked a significant improvement over its predecessor, the Maschinenkarabiner 42 (H).
Introduction
Chambered in 7.92×33 mm, the Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44) emerged as a true game-changer, but its arrival was belated and in insufficient quantities to alter the battlefield dynamics. The StG 44 left an indelible mark on firearm design during World War II, standing as the pioneering prototype of the first successful assault rifle. Its innovative features, which included utilizing an intermediate cartridge, enabling controllable automatic fire, adopting a more compact design compared to traditional battle rifles, and delivering a higher rate of fire, completely revolutionized the landscape.
This transformative shift in design was spurred by the recognition that most enemy engagements unfolded within a few hundred meters, rendering the long-range capabilities of other rifles, originally intended for distances exceeding a thousand meters, largely redundant.
Nazi soldier with Sturmgewehr 44 (Photo: XY)
The StG 44 excelled in its designated role, particularly on the Eastern Front, where it markedly augmented the volume of firepower in comparison to standard infantry rifles. Its influence extended far and wide, most notably leaving an indelible imprint on the development of the Soviet AK-47, which made its debut just two years following the conclusion of World War II. The legacy of the StG 44’s design still resonates profoundly in contemporary assault rifles, which have now become the global standard for infantry weaponry.
History
The development commenced amidst the Nazi campaign to conquer the Soviet Union in 1941. By late 1941, the then-primary weapon of Nazi soldiers, the dependable bolt-action Karabiner 98k rifle, faced challenges when pitted against the array of Communist small arms.
This formidable assortment featured menacing adversaries such as the PPS and PPSh-41 submachine guns, the Tokarev SVT-40 semi-automatic rifle, the ever-reliable Mosin Nagant bolt-action rifle, and even the distinctive Degtyaryov DP-28 light machine gun. The Wehrmacht urgently required a new small arm. Consequently, the development task was assigned to two firms, Walther and Haenel, with some accounts suggesting their involvement as early as 1939.
Haenel emerged as the victor, owing to the dedication of Hugo Schmeisser’s development team. At the core of their research and development lay the creation of a weapon optimized for engagements within a 300-meter range. This endeavor resulted in the Mkb 42, which entered limited production, yielding between 10,000 and 11,833 units. It underwent field trials on the Eastern Front.
Picture of two soldiers taken in World War II (Photo: History)
This innovative “machine carbine” was chambered for the full-powered 7.92 mm Kurz round, developed in 1938, and represented a departure from conventional designs. Fabricated with a stamped steel body reinforced by a wooden stock, it functioned on gas and provided selective fire capabilities through a tilting bolt mechanism.
Subsequent enhancements gave rise to the improved MP 43, prepared for widespread adoption. However, the tumultuous nature of the Wehrmacht’s procurement system and the ever-shifting tides of war hindered its deployment. Only in late 1944, specifically on October 22, did Adolf Hitler personally christen the impressive weapon with its iconic name: the Sturmgewehr 44 (German for “Assault Rifle 44”). The name change was probably due to propaganda reasons. Production commenced earnestly at Haenel, Walther, Mauser, and Oberndorf-am-Neckar facilities.
Nevertheless, it proved to be too little, too late. 425,977 StG 44 rifles were manufactured, but this quantity was insufficient to alter Germany’s ultimate fate. The StG 44 had flaws, including susceptibility to overheating due to its futuristic stamped steel appearance, adversely affecting the barrel assembly and foregrip. Soldiers utilizing the Sturmgewahr 44 had to resort to wearing mittens or gripping the magazine well when firing.
Sturmgewehr 44 view from the both sides (Photo: XY)
The rifle’s susceptibility to jamming in case of stock damage was heightened by a recoil spring extending into the wooden stock. Additionally, the limited sighting range could have been improved by relocating the rear sight closer to the stock. Furthermore, the curved 30-round magazine suffered from a faulty spring, often detaching from the lower receiver as it emptied.
Despite these issues, the StG 44 featured a unique design element: the section of the lower receiver housing the pistol grip could swing out from the magazine well. This distinctive feature streamlined the cleaning and reassembly process.
As the Cold War unfolded, the Sturmgewehr 44’s reputation waned, relegating it to an obscure status as a last resort. However, its enduring form and function left an indelible mark on small arms development in both the East and West.
The various components of the StG 44 went on to influence some of the most successful modern rifles, including the AK-47 (incorporating the barrel assembly, front and rear sights, and magazine), the FN FAL (initially chambered for the Kurz round), the M16 (encompassing the breech and lower receiver), and the Heckler & Koch G3 (including the stock, upper and lower receiver, and pistol grip, although the Sturmgewehr 45 prototype bore more similarities to the G3).
Users
Substantial quantities of StG 44 rifles found their way to far-flung destinations, including conflict zones in Asia and Africa. It is believed that StG 44s chambered in the original Kurz rounds were manufactured in Argentina during the 1950s. Some even reached the United States as war trophies brought home by U.S. soldiers. An intriguing incident unfolded in December 2012 when a woman from Hartford, Connecticut, contemplated surrendering a StG 44 to the police in exchange for a gift certificate. Still, the firearm’s significant value dissuaded her.
Variants
Type:
Description:
MKb 42
Prototypes for the series.
MP 43
The original production model was designated as a “Maschinepistole” (‘MP,’ for submachine gun).
MP 44
An improved version of the MP 43 and the definitive production model was later relabeled as the StG 44.
Krummlauf (attachment)
This accessory is an attachable, curved barrel extension that enables the StG 44 to fire around corners without exposing the operator. It was initially designed for use inside armored vehicles but could also function as a standalone component.
Gerat 06
A weapon featuring components from the MP 43, StG 44, and MG-42 machine gun, but it did not enter production.
CB-51
An improved version of the MP 43 and the definitive production model was later relabeled as the StG 44.
Franchi LF-59
An Italian assault rifle that incorporated the action and several other components from the Sturmgewehr 44. A carbine version, the LF-58, was also developed, but neither was accepted into service.
M44
The Yugoslav Army’s designation for the StG 44.
StG 45
A simplified variant developed in 1945 that featured a roller-delayed blowback firing mechanism. It later influenced the Spanish CETME Modelo A rifle and, subsequently, the Heckler & Koch G3.
Several reproductions were also manufactured for civilian use; however, these lack selective fire capability and were not marketed for military use.
Legacy
StG 44s have left their mark through photographs, utilization, and capture in various conflicts, including the Arab-Israeli Wars, the Vietnam War, and violent outbreaks in East Africa. In the notorious Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, many rifles carried by Somali gunmen turned out to be Sturmgewehr 44s, taking U.S. troops by surprise who had expected AK-47s. Caches of StG 44s emerged in Iraq and Afghanistan during the 2000s, occasionally appearing in insurgents’ hands in those regions. In 2012, Syrian rebels looted a substantial stash of Sturmgewehr 44s, even releasing footage of their audacious exploit.
The Sturmgewehr 44 has experienced a revival among American gun collectors. Since 2012, U.S. start-up firearm manufacturers and distributors have offered replica StG 44s as sporting rifles. Demand for these historical relics has been robust, prompting the production of StG 44 replicas in various calibers, including 7.62 and 5.56 (.223).
Sturmgewehr 44 is very popular among gun collectors (Photo: XY)
The allure of the Sturmgewehr has also made a comeback in its homeland. In recent years, the German bespoke gun shop EL BE Tac has marketed a collection of replica Wehrmacht and Waffen SS semi-automatic weapons, prominently featuring the StG 44. Seventy years after it entered mass production as a groundbreaking battlefield innovation, the StG 44’s future appears to be secured in the private gun collections of enthusiasts. This represents another unexpected twist in the long and eventful journey of the first successful assault rifle.
Technical specifications
Country of origin:
Nazi Germany
Manufacturer:
C. G. Haenel Waffen und Fahrradfabrik Sauer & Sohn CITEDEF (post-war) Steyr-Daimler-Puch
On the evening of July 15, 2016, Omer Halisdemir held the position of officer in charge at the headquarters of the Special Forces Command in Ankara. The evening initially seemed calm and uneventful, much like any other night. However, unusual occurrences and military movements began to unfold in various parts of the country. Turkey was engulfed in chaos as elements within the military attempted a coup. This endeavor proved disastrous for them, as they encountered fierce resistance from the public, police, and loyalist military forces.
Who was Omer Halisdemir?
In his private life, Omer Halisdemir was an ordinary man, a beloved husband, and a father of two children. He was married to Hatice Halisdemir, and together, they welcomed two children into the world: a daughter named Elifnur and a son named Doğan Ertuğrul. Omer was born on February 20, 1974, in Çukurkuyu town in the Bor district of Niğde Province in central Turkey. He was one of seven children in the family of Hasan Hüseyin Halisdemir and his wife, Fadimeana. His childhood was spent in his hometown.
Omer Halisdemir is a national hero in Turkey (Photo: XY)
During his free time after school hours, he worked as a shepherd. After completing his primary and middle school education, he attended and successfully graduated from the Industrial Vocational High School in Niğde. Although he initially passed the entrance exam for the Police Academy, he chose not to pursue that path as his lifelong dream had always been to become a soldier. Guided by this dream, a relative took him to Ankara for an entrance exam at a non-commissioned officer school. Omer’s childhood dream became a reality when he passed the exam.
Military career
In 1999, Omer Halisdemir joined the Turkish Armed Forces as a non-commissioned infantry officer. He served in various locations, including southeastern Turkey in Şırnak and Silopi and outside the country in Northern Iraq and Afghanistan. Throughout his career, he achieved the rank of senior sergeant major, demonstrating his excellence in fulfilling critical tasks and earning multiple military decorations.
“He always desired to be a soldier. While brave and fearless on the battlefield, he wouldn’t hurt a fly on normal days. When defending his nation, nothing would intimidate him, and his martyrdom proved it.”
Ibrahim Ayhan, a childhood friend of Halisdemir.
Eventually, he was assigned to a crucial position within the Turkish Army’s elite Special Forces Command, based at the headquarters in Ankara, where he served as the staff sergeant for the commander, Major General Zekai Aksakallı. He dedicated a substantial career as an aide to General Aksakallı.
Failed 2016 coup d’état attempt
A telephone call rang out at one pivotal moment within the Special Forces Command. Halisdemir promptly answered, finding his commander, Major General Zekai Aksakalli, on the other end of the line. Aksakalli urgently conveyed the dire situation: the nation was in peril, and a violent coup was underway. He further disclosed that Brigadier General Semih Terzi, a supporter of the coup, would imminently arrive at the headquarters with rebel forces in an attempt to capture it.
It was imperative to prevent Terzi’s takeover, as doing so would deal a significant blow to the coup plotters. In response, Halisdemir swiftly and resolutely affirmed, ‘Aye, Aye, sir, give your blessing.’
Aftermath of the 2016 Turkey’s failed coup attempt (Photo: XY)
Mere minutes later, at 02:16 AM, Brigadier General Semih Terzi, accompanied by ten heavily armed troops and officers, arrived via helicopter from a military base in Diyarbakır and landed just outside the headquarters. They entered the Special Forces Command compound while Halisdemir remained in the front yard. As soon as he spotted Terzi, Halisdemir fired a fatal shot at point-blank range, ending Terzi’s life.
“My son served five years with Gen. Terzi in Afghanistan and Terzi thought he could easily take over the headquarters from him.”
Halisdemir’s father
After he had eliminated Terzi, a crucial figure in the coup attempt and associated with the FETO organization, Halisdemir attempted to seek cover. However, he was unexpectedly shot from behind by Major Fatih Sahin, who was part of Terzi’s escort. Halisdemir sustained severe injuries due to the hail of bullets unleashed by Major Sahin. In his weakened state, Halisdemir was approached by another soldier loyal to Terzi, Mihrali Atmaca, who callously executed the incapacitated and already defeated man. This incident, captured by security cameras, marked a turning point during the coup.
Aftermath
The death of Brigadier General Semih Terzi marked a pivotal turning point in the coup attempt, as the coup plotters were left without effective leadership, rendering their efforts futile. They were destined for failure without control over crucial infrastructure and a clear chain of command. Later that same night, lacking a coherent leadership structure and encircled by ordinary citizens, police officers, and loyal soldiers to the Turkish government, the coup plotters were ultimately defeated.
The entire coup attempt was quashed in the early hours of July 16. The military personnel who had participated in the coup attempt, including those who tried to capture the Special Forces Command, were responsible for Sgt. Halisdemir’s death was arrested. The trial of the seventeen officers began on February 20, 2017, and all of them were sentenced to life in prison. Ömer Halisdemir was laid to rest in his hometown of Çukurkuyu on July 17, 2016, with high-ranking local officials and thousands of others attending his funeral.
When CCTV footage of Omer Halisdemir’s heroic actions became public, it deeply moved ordinary Turks. His courage inspired them to face a heavily armed group of coup plotters, eliminate their main leader, and mourn his tragic loss. For the Turkish people, it was a profound sorrow to lose such a fearless soldier who willingly followed orders from his commander, even when the odds of survival were exceedingly low.
Legacy
A monument was erected to commemorate Halisdemir and his extraordinary bravery in the front yard of the Special Forces Command headquarters, where he made the ultimate sacrifice, and it stands alongside a place that preserves his bloodstain. Halisdemir’s memory has garnered a heartfelt outpouring of sympathy, and his gravesite is visited by numerous individuals who come to pay their respects.
Omer Halisdemir is the modern Turkish hero who gave everything he had for his country (Photo: XY)
Several schools, parks, and public spaces have been named after him to honor his legacy. Notably, Niğde University, a high school in Etimesgut, Ankara, a middle school in Yunusemre, Manisa, a primary school in Kahramanmaraş, the library of Kütahya Dumlupınar University, a conference hall in Malatya, İmam Hatip high schools in İzmir, Yenimahalle, Ankara, and Çekmeköy, Istanbul proudly bear his name.
One name stands out in the shadowy realm of Russia’s private military companies: Dmitry Valerievich Utkin, an enigmatic figure with a complex and controversial legacy. Born on June 11, 1970, in Asbest, a village in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Soviet Union, Utkin’s journey took him from the ranks of the Russian special forces to the helm of the infamous Wagner Group. This private military company gained international attention through its involvement in various conflicts. Often described as the co-founder and military commander of the Wagner Group, Utkin’s story is a tapestry woven with intrigue, conflict, and a touch of infamy.
Early Life and Military Career
Utkin’s early life was marked by transition. Following his parents’ divorce, he and his mother moved to the Ukrainian village of Smoline, where he grew up. Known for his intellectual nature, Utkin’s path led him to the S. M. Kirov Higher Combined Arms Command School in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and from there, he joined the ranks of the GRU Special Forces. The young officer’s dedication to service was evident, leading to his rise to the rank of lieutenant colonel within the GRU.
Wagner Group
Utkin’s military journey took a turn after he departed from the Russian armed forces in 2013. That year, he embarked on a new chapter by affiliating himself with the Moran Security Group, a private company founded by Russian military veterans. This venture provided Utkin with opportunities beyond traditional military service. During this period, Utkin and his associates established the Wagner Group, a mercenary organization bearing his military call sign, “Wagner.”
Operators from the Wagner Group with flags of Wagner and Russia in Bakhmut (Photo: XY)
The Wagner Group’s activities spanned multiple theatres of conflict, from Crimea to Donbas, where Utkin and his group fought alongside pro-Russian separatists during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Despite his low public profile, Utkin’s presence in the ranks of the Wagner Group earned him recognition and respect within certain circles.
The Wagner Group’s Controversial Role
As the Wagner Group’s influence grew, so did its notoriety. Reports circulated about Utkin’s military prowess and role as the group’s behind-the-scenes commander. The Wagner Group’s involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine catapulted Utkin and his organization into the international spotlight. Reports painted him as a pivotal figure overseeing the group’s military operations while Yevgeny Prigozhin, the owner and public face of the organization, managed its finances and public relations.
A rebellion and an enigmatic leader
One of the most intriguing episodes in Utkin’s story was the Wagner Rebellion of 2023. Amidst the chaos of the Russian invasion, Prigozhin accused the Defense Ministry of shelling Wagner soldiers. This led to a rebellion orchestrated by Prigozhin himself, with Utkin’s role shrouded in mystery. Reports suggested that Utkin might have been at the forefront of this mutiny, steering a Wagner convoy towards Moscow. The rebellion eventually simmered when an agreement was reached, allowing Wagner mutineers to avoid prosecution by joining the Defense Ministry or relocating to Belarus.
Dmitry Utkin standing next to the Russian military helicopter (Photo: XY)
The rare glimpse of the commander
Utkin’s public appearances were few and far between, heightening the mystique surrounding him. However, a video posted by Prigozhin in July provided an unprecedented glimpse into Utkin’s persona. In the video, Utkin addressed his troops in Belarus, marking the first time he was captured speaking on camera. His words held a mix of determination and intrigue as he proclaimed, “This is not the end; this is only the beginning of the greatest work in the world, which will continue very soon.” The video closed with a chilling phrase: “And welcome to hell.”
Dmitry Valerievich Utkin (1970-2023) (Photo: XY)
Death
On August 23, 2023, Dmitry Utkin’s life was tragically cut short in a plane crash that sent shockwaves through the global community. The incident claimed the lives of nine additional individuals, including the notorious Yevgeny Prigozhin, the leader of the Wagner Group. Amid the chaos of the aftermath, a Telegram channel linked to the Wagner Group asserted that the aircraft had fallen victim to Russian air defenses, painting a distressing image of a plane shot down over Tver Oblast. Adding further layers to the unfolding narrative, Russian media sources explored the possibility that an act of aerial aggression might have caused the crash.
Legacy
As Dmitry Valerievich Utkin’s story unfolds, his legacy remains entwined with the Wagner Group’s actions on the global stage. Though his exact role in the group’s founding and operations might be disputed, there’s no doubt that Utkin’s impact on the world of private military companies is indelible. From his military upbringing to his enigmatic leadership within the Wagner Group, Utkin’s journey paints a vivid portrait of a complex and multi-faceted individual. Whether remembered as a commander, war criminal, co-founder, or enigma, Dmitry Utkin’s story bridges the realms of secrecy, conflict, and the pursuit of power.
Springfield Armory introduces a groundbreaking innovation in service pistols known as the Echelon in the ever-evolving world of firearms. With its name drawing inspiration from a military formation, this pistol lives up to its moniker, representing a new rank, level, and tier in hard-use service firearms. The Echelon embodies the culmination of Springfield’s expertise in designing and manufacturing striker-fired pistols, making it a true go-to service pistol that gets everything right.
A New Paradigm in Design
The Echelon sets itself apart from conventional service pistols with many innovations and patent-pending design implementations. Springfield focused on crucial aspects like grip texturing, optics mounting system, and durability, ensuring a superior user experience. The Echelon underwent a battery of tests throughout its development, including drop tests and exposure to various challenging substrates, such as dirt, mud, dust, and even water. The result is a pistol designed to withstand the harshest conditions without compromising performance.
Springfield Echelon seen from the right side (Photo: HS)
Central Operating Group (COG)
The Echelon’s foundation lies in its polymer-framed construction and striker-fired operating system. The central operating group (COG), a stainless-steel chassis housing the trigger assembly, serves as the serialized component, following US law requirements. The innovative aspect of the COG lies in its adaptability, allowing users to interchange grip modules to customize the pistol’s size and grip configuration. Additionally, the COG integrates a “second sear” design, enhancing drop safety and ensuring the pistol meets the most stringent standards.
Springfield Armory Echelon pistol has a Central Operating Group (COG) (Photo: HS)
Variable Interface System (VIS)
Taking customization to new heights, Springfield introduced the Variable Interface System (VIS) for mounting optics on the Echelon. This system utilizes a series of holes in the slide, combined with self-locking pins, to directly support over 30 different optics, eliminating the need for adapter plates. The VIS enables easier co-witnessing with factory sights and ensures future-proofing with multiple optic footprints available. Furthermore, adapter plates are available for optics not directly compatible with the VIS, catering to a wide range of shooter preferences.
Variable Interface System (VIS) is used to install optics to the Springfield Echelon (Photo: HS)
Tailoring the Echelon to Fit You
Springfield goes the extra mile to cater to individual preferences by offering various grip modules with Adaptive Grip Texturing, ensuring excellent traction for recoil control. Moreover, users can choose between small, medium, and large grip modules, altering trigger reach progressively, and each module comes with interchangeable backstraps for further customization. With additional options for different grip textures, the Echelon can be fully tailored to provide an optimal shooting experience for each user.
Enhanced User Experience
The Echelon boasts numerous design elements that enhance the user experience. Front and rear cocking serrations provide excellent traction for easy slide manipulation, while the Forward Trench relief cut offers a convenient pinch point for press-checking the pistol. The slide’s Melonite finish ensures exceptional wear and corrosion resistance, and the flared rear corners offer a substantial gripping area for manual slide racking. Furthermore, the U-Notch sights with tritium inserts enhance visibility in various lighting conditions.
Springfield Armory Echelon is perfectly customizable and user-friendly (Photo: HS)
Putting the Echelon to the test, it proves itself with outstanding performance and reliability. The trigger system provides a clean and crisp pull, balancing safety, reliability, and ease of operation. Its superior handling and ergonomics and the Adaptive Grip Texturing contribute to excellent recoil control and overall shooting experience. Moreover, the Echelon’s reliability stands out, as it flawlessly cycles through hundreds of rounds without malfunctions.
With an attractive MSRP of $679, the Springfield Armory Echelon offers exceptional performance at a reasonable price. Springfield’s daring innovation, particularly with the Variable Interface System, sets a new benchmark for the industry. The pistol’s adaptability, performance, and ergonomic design make it a milestone in modern duty pistols.
Springfield Armory Echelon with holo sight (Photo: HS)
Springfield Armory’s Echelon represents a groundbreaking milestone in modern pistol design. Springfield Armory had an excellent experience with Springfield XD (HS2000). The Echelon sets a new standard for service pistols with its innovative features, user-friendly ergonomics, and outstanding performance. The revolutionary Central Operating Group and Variable Interface System for optics mountings showcase Springfield’s dedication to pushing boundaries and offering shooters unparalleled adaptability and functionality. As the Echelon paves the way for the future of service pistols, it undoubtedly benefits professional users and firearm enthusiasts, making it a game-changer.
In the annals of military history, certain operations stand out for their success and the invaluable lessons they impart. One such operation was the Barawe Raid, an audacious attempt by the elite SEAL Team Six, also known as DEVGRU, to neutralize the dangerous Somali insurgent commander, Ikrima. The mission, conducted in the early hours of October 5, 2013, in the coastal town of Barawa, Somalia, was fraught with unforeseen challenges, ultimately rendering it a failed endeavor. Despite its lack of success, the Barawe Raid was a testament to the unwavering bravery and resilience of the SEALs involved.
High-Value Target: Ikrima
Ikrima, whose real name was Abdikadir Mohamed Abdikadir (also used as Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir; Abdulkadir Mohamed Abdulkadir), was a notorious figure associated with al-Shabaab, a terrorist group responsible for wreaking havoc in the region. Intelligence reports suggested that he was planning attacks on government and U.N. targets in neighboring Kenya, making his capture or elimination a top priority for security forces. At the time, he was on the most-wanted list, with a $3 million reward for information leading to his capture.
Abdikadir Mohamed Abdikadir, also known as Ikrima, was the target of the Seal Team Six operation, later known as the 2013 Barawe Raid (Photo: XY)
Raid
The operation began with a daring entrance as the SEAL Team Six operatives arrived via a single fast boat from the Indian Ocean, making their way to the coastal town of Barawa. To ensure the success of the assault and facilitate a smooth extraction, three additional small boats, packed with extra SEALs, were strategically positioned on either side of the main craft. This additional force provided crucial backup, bolstering the primary assault team’s efforts and readiness.
Zeroing in on the Stronghold
Moving inland, the SEALs zeroed in on a two-story beachfront house believed to be Ikrima’s stronghold. The location was significant, as it was a haven for foreign insurgents who had joined al-Shabaab. This group was responsible for a deadly siege on a Kenyan shopping mall a month prior, resulting in the tragic loss of 67 innocent lives. For the local population, the presence of these insurgents was not unknown, making the mission even more imperative to quell the reign of terror.
DEVGRU Special Operations Team Room (Photo: XY)
The Intense Firefight
As the SEALs prepared to breach the house, a seemingly oblivious insurgent emerged and continued his routine, even enjoying a cigarette, before returning to the building. Suddenly, he resurfaced, unleashing a hail of gunfire, robbing the SEALs of their element of surprise. A ferocious firefight followed as multiple insurgents joined, exchanging fire with the SEALs. Despite the situation’s intensity, the SEALs pushed forward, utilizing flashbang grenades to clear their path through the compound.
The Decision to Abort
During the relentless engagement, the SEALs caught glimpses of their target, Ikrima, through the compound’s windows. Despite their determination to neutralize him, innocent women and children in the vicinity complicated matters. Recognizing the potential danger to civilians, the SEALs made a difficult decision to abort the mission, further diminishing the chances of capturing Ikrima alive.
The situation became increasingly perilous, with enemy reinforcements pouring in from nearby houses. The SEALs faced hundreds of enemy fighters, forcing them to initiate a tactical fighting withdrawal toward the beach. Throughout their retreat, they maintained a strategic stance, pausing periodically to assess the situation and consider the option of re-engaging. Their determination and unwavering commitment to the mission were evident as they weighed their options.
Seal Team 6 (DEVGRU) Gold Squadron after a muddy operation (Photo: Illustration/Reddit)
The Aftermath
Once they reached the waiting boats, the SEALs quickly regrouped and departed for their base, vanishing into the night. However, amid the chaotic withdrawal, they left behind some abandoned items—a testament to the situation’s intensity and the SEALs’ determination to protect their comrades.
Among the discarded possessions were a flak jacket, a flashbang grenade, rounds of ammunition, and a Garmin GPS device. There were also traces of blood that were reportedly discovered, suggesting that at least one of the SEALs had sustained injuries and discarded these items during treatment. Remarkably, no SEALs lost their lives during the assault, although at least one insurgent perished in the encounter.
In the aftermath of the failed Barawe Raid, the insurgent group responded swiftly, deploying more heavily armed fighters to patrol the streets of Barawa. They strategically positioned men equipped with anti-aircraft weapons along the beachfront to fortify their control and deter any potential future attacks. These measures were aimed at solidifying their grip on the region.
Delta Force Team at an undisclosed location (Photo: Pinterest)
However, the intensified presence of armed insurgents stirred unease within the local community. Suspicion began to grow regarding the possible involvement of informants who might have aided U.S. intelligence in pinpointing the targeted house during the operation. This mistrust ignited a fervent hunt for suspected informants, leading to the arrest of a man known to frequent the local internet cafe.
Barawa had been under insurgent control since 2008, serving as a sanctuary for senior members of the group after losing control of Mogadishu and other towns in 2011. Among the notable figures seeking refuge in Barawway was Ahmed Guddan, Africa’s most wanted man following the Westgate Mall attacks in Kenya. Such high-profile individuals in the town further escalated tensions, adding to the situation’s complexities.
Conclusion
Despite the challenges faced during the Barawe Raid, the mission had its share of successes. Remarkably, no SEALs lost their lives during the encounter, a testament to their skill, training, and unwavering valor. On the other hand, at least one insurgent was killed in the fierce firefight.
A senior military official, well-informed about the operation, emphasized that contrary to public perception, covert military operations were far from straightforward. Looking back at significant missions like Operation Neptune Spear, which culminated in the capture of Osama bin Laden, the official shed light on the misconception that such operations were easy. He also pointed out that the operational environment in the targeted area lacked the same level of support network as seen in Afghanistan and Iraq, making the mission even more challenging.
U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel praised the operation in Somalia and another nearly simultaneous one in Libya, conducted by Delta Force. He viewed these successful missions as a testament to U.S. anti-terror efforts’ unparalleled precision, global reach, and capabilities. Hagel emphasized that these operations sent a powerful message to the international community, affirming the unwavering commitment of the United States to hold insurgents accountable, no matter their hiding places or the length of time they had evaded justice.
The Barawe Raid remains a pivotal chapter in the history of special operations, serving as a reminder of the inherent complexities and unpredictability of such missions. While it may not have achieved its intended goal, the operation provided invaluable insights and experiences that have undoubtedly influenced subsequent military tactics and strategies.
As we remember the bravery and sacrifices made by the SEALs during that fateful night, it serves as a poignant reminder of the price paid in pursuing safety and security in an ever-changing world. The failed Barawe Raid remains a testament to the unwavering commitment of these brave men and women who continue to put themselves on the frontline, defending our freedoms and safeguarding global peace.
The Soko J-21 Jastreb is a Yugoslav military single-engine light attack jet aircraft of single-seat metal construction intended for close fire support and reconnaissance. It was produced based on the VTI project at the SOKO aircraft factory in Mostar from 1968 to 1977. The aircraft was created from the development project of the Soko G-2 Galeb military school jet, sharing many unified parts, which made production and maintenance cheaper.
Introduction
This was the second jet and the first fighter plane to be serially produced in Yugoslavia. Aerodynamicist Prof. Dr. Zlatko Rendulić led the project. The first test flight took place on July 19, 1965, and its introduction into service began on December 31, 1968. This marked the beginning of the gradual replacement of the F-84 Thunderjet, which was running low on resources and had been the main attack jet in the JRV until then. The Soko J-21 Jastreb first appeared at the Farnborough air show in 1968.
Once proud warriors now forgotten, a dozen J-21 Jastreb light attack aircraft lie abandoned at a military air base in Serbia (Photo: S.M)
The Soko J-21 Jastreb could take off and land on grass runways. It was equipped with shooting weapons in the fuselage and unguided bombs and rockets on underwing mounts, enabling ground assault-combat operations. It could also operate alongside light aircraft such as helicopters and piston planes. The aircraft was produced in four variants. Aside from the standard J-21 (attacker) and IJ-21 (reconnaissance), the most significant variant was the J-1L, intended for export to Zambia and Libya. A total of 224 examples were manufactured, with 175 Jastrebs serving in the official capacity in the JRV, while the remaining units were export batches, which achieved considerable business success.
Development
The technology for producing Yugoslavia’s first subsonic jet aircraft was obtained through cooperation with the United Kingdom, which involved purchasing a license for the Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojet engine and additional equipment like the Foland seat. This collaboration marked a significant technological advancement for Yugoslavia, with Mostar and SR BiH becoming hubs for one of the most advanced technologies in the country.
A detailed design chart showcasing the specifications and features of the Soko J-21 Jastreb aircraft (Photo: S.M)
In contrast to the Soko G-2 Galeb, the J-21 Jastreb had a reinforced structure to accommodate higher payload capacity. It was also equipped with a slightly more powerful turbojet engine, designated Mk 521, providing a thrust of 1,333.7 daN. Some sources suggest that the Jastreb served as a transitional solution until the implementation of the classified military project “JUROM,” which focused on developing a new twin-engine attack jet called the J-22 Orao in collaboration between SFR Yugoslavia and the Republic of Romania during the 1970s.
During the 1960s, Yugoslavia’s Airforce possessed turbojet-powered aircraft of American origin, namely the Lockheed T-33, for schooling, training, and reconnaissance purposes, as well as the F-84G Thunderjet as a fighter bomber. Despite their excellent and long-serving performance in the JRV, these aircraft were phased out and handed over to Yugoslavia. In the latter part of the decade, they were replaced by the F-86E Sabre and F-86D Sabre. While the G-2 Galeb and Sabres covered two-thirds of their mission requirements, there was a need for a suitable aircraft to fulfill the remaining fighter-bomber missions.
Leveraging the successful development of the G-2 Galeb, the single-seat J-21 Jastreb was created using acquired and owned technology. It featured a more powerful engine, substantial armament, and advanced equipment designed for fighter-bomber tasks.
Step into the immersive world of the Soko J-21 Jastreb as we explore the intricate details of its captivating cockpit front (Photo: XY)
Design
The airframe of the G-2 Galeb was fully utilized for the development of the J-21 Jastreb. The front and cabin sections of the fuselage were modified to accommodate weapon installations and remove one seat from the pilot’s cabin. In the central part of the fuselage, slight modifications were made to accommodate a slightly more powerful Rolls-Royce Viper 20Mk 531 engine, providing a thrust of 13.3 kN. The front section of the hull houses three Colt Browning machine guns, each loaded with 130 rounds of ammunition (12.7 mm caliber). For the pilot’s safety, the cabin has an ejectable seat known as the “1B Foland.”
Operational history
The Soko J-21 Jastreb actively participated in combat operations as part of the Army and Air Defense Forces of the JNA (Yugoslav People’s Army) at the onset of the conflict in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991. Subsequently, it served in the Army and Air Defense Forces of the Republika Srpska Army. However, the largest number of Jastrebs were decommissioned in 1996 by the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia based on the Subregional Agreement on Arms Control. In the early 21st century, a few Jastrebs remained operational by the air forces of Republika Srpska and Libya.
Delve into the complexities of the Soko J-21 Jastreb cockpit as we examine the meticulously arranged right panel, housing a multitude of essential controls and systems (Photo: XY)
In the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), the J-21 Jastreb primarily fulfilled tasks related to training and occupation of JRV (Yugoslav Air Force) units. It also had a significant role in reconnaissance operations. Following SFRY’s dissolution and the aircraft’s transfer to the RV RS (Republika Srpska Army) and RV FRY (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), its combat capabilities became more prominent. The RV RS frequently employed the J-21 for air-to-ground missions.
Explore the command center of avionics within the Soko J-21 Jastreb cockpit as we uncover the purposeful arrangement of the left panel, housing vital instruments and navigation aids (Photo: XY)
On February 28, 1994, during a combat mission, six Jastreb aircraft of the Republika Srpska were attacked by two NATO F-16 aircraft in what is known as the Banja Luka incident. Four of the six J-21 Jastrebs were shot down, while the remaining two escaped. After signing the Dayton Agreement in 1995 and the cessation of hostilities, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia retired all sixty-six Jastreb aircraft from service, while the Republika Srpska continued to utilize 11 aircraft.
Variants
The J-21 Jastreb had a prototype version, with only one copy produced. Similarly, the NJ-21 Jastreb, a two-seater training variant, also had a prototype with a single copy manufactured. The single-seat fighter-bomber J-21 Jastreb saw production of 119 units. Additionally, the two-seater training variant NJ-21 Jastreb was produced with 18 examples. The IJ-21 Jastreb was developed for reconnaissance purposes, with 38 units produced. An export variant known as the J-1E Jastreb was also manufactured, with 47 examples produced specifically for export purposes.
A remarkable transformation unfolds as the Soko J-21 Jastreb aircraft takes on a new role as a captivating monument, preserving the enduring legacy of Yugoslavia’s aviation history.
440 kg (970 lb) internal fuel + 435 kg (959 lb) in 2x 275 L (60 imp gal; 73 US gal) jettisonable wing-tip fuel tanks
Dimensions:
span 11.68 m / 38 ft 3.8 in length 10.88 m / 35 ft 8.3 in height 3.64 m / 11 ft 11.3in
Weight (empty):
2,820 kg / 6,217 lb
Max. flight mass:
maximum take-off 5,100 kg / 11,244 lb
Maximum speed:
443 kt / 510 mph / 820.76 km/h
Range:
1520 km / 944 miles
Armament:
three 12.7-mm (0.5-in) machine guns with 135 rounds per gun; provision for 500 kg (1,102 lb) of disposable stores, including bombs, bomblet containers, flares, rocket-launcher pods, and gun pods carried on two inboard hardpoints, and for six 127-mm (5-in) air-to-surface rockets on outboard attachments
The Soko G-4 Super Galeb, or N-62, is an advanced jet trainer and light ground-attack aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Technical Institute at Žarkovo and manufactured by the SOKO aircraft factory in Mostar. This Yugoslav single-engine aircraft, commonly called the Super Galeb (Eng. Super Seagull), was developed during the 1970s to succeed and replace the Soko G-2 Galeb, which was then in service with the Yugoslav Air Force.
Introduction
On July 17, 1978, the G-4 PPP, a development aircraft, conducted its maiden flight. 1983 the first G-4 Super Galeb production model took to the skies. Quantity production began in 1984, with the assembly line operating until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1991. A total of 85 aircraft were built, primarily for the Yugoslav Air Force, while six G-4s were exported to Myanmar.
During the Yugoslav Wars, Yugoslavian Air Force G-4s were employed for ground-attack missions, losing four aircraft to enemy air defenses. In 1992, the remaining planes were relocated to Serbia and Montenegro, where they entered service with the Air Force of the newly-formed FR Yugoslavia. The Republika Srpska Air Force retained one G-4 Super Galeb aircraft. The Serbian Air Force has become the largest operator of this type, obtaining additional Super Galebs from other former Yugoslavian republics. The Serbian Air Force plans to upgrade and continue operating its G-4 Super Galebs until the 2030s.
The Yugoslav Air Force G-4 Super Galeb (serial 23005) impresses spectators at the Farnborough Airshow in 1984 (Photo: Soko)
Development
Developed in the 1970s, the G-4 Super Galeb was created as a replacement for the existing fleet of the G-2 Galeb, a straight-winged jet trainer aircraft utilized by the Yugoslav Air Force. The Galeb had been developed in the late 1950s and was the predominant trainer aircraft in the Yugoslav Air Force before 1999. The Super Galeb exhibited a clear lineage from its predecessor, sharing the same Rolls-Royce Viper turbojet engine sourced from Britain, albeit enhanced for improved performance. However, it is worth noting that the Super Galeb was an entirely advanced aircraft, bearing little resemblance to the G-2 Galeb aside from their shared role, as highlighted by aviation historian Christopher Chant.
Schematic view of the Yugoslavian Jet Trainer G-2 Galeb (Photo: Soko)
During the initial phase, two prototypes of the Super Galeb were reportedly completed by early 1978. After successful ground testing, the aircraft’s maiden flight occurred on July 17, 1978. This was followed by the first flight of one of the six pre-production aircraft on December 17, 1980. The pre-production models, including the prototype, were designated G-4 PPP. They featured fixed tailplanes with inset elevators and lacked anhedral. In contrast to the G-2 Galeb, the Super Galeb had swept wing and tail surfaces. It also integrated avionics that enabled flight in adverse weather conditions and at night.
The production G-4 and the second prototype were designated as G-4 Super Galeb and differed from the development aircraft in various design aspects. They featured an all-moving anhedral tailplane and were equipped with comprehensive avionics improvements. While the earlier development aircraft used a pressurized refueling system, the production models employed a gravity-based refueling system, which was simpler and more cost-effective, albeit slightly slower.
Serbian Air Force G-4 Super Galeb aircraft with serial number 23601 on display (Photo: Zvezda)
In addition to its training role, the G-4 was also suitable for light attack operations. By 1983, the G-4 Super Galeb had completed its first flight and received significant orders from the Yugoslav Air Force. It competed internationally against other jet trainers, such as the Italian Aermacchi MB-339, the Czechoslovakian Aero L-39 Albatros, and the Spanish CASA C-101. Although the G-4 offered lower performance than the Franco-German Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet, it was considerably more affordable to procure, as stated by Flight International.
Design
The SOKO G-4 Super Galeb is a jet trainer and a light attack aircraft. Its dimensions make it suitable for various flight syllabuses, including basic and advanced training. The G-4 Super Galeb visually resembles the Hawker Siddeley Hawk, a contemporary British jet trainer. The aircraft features a low-wing monoplane design with slightly tapered wings. It has a length of 12.25 meters (40.2 ft), a height of 4.3 meters (14 ft), and a wingspan of 9.88 meters (32.4 ft). The aircraft’s empty weight is 3,250 kilograms (7,170 lb), and it can carry up to 1,882 kilograms (4,149 lb) of fuel.
The G-4 Super Galeb is equipped with a short nose cone, a rounded fuselage, a conventional empennage, semi-circular air intakes, a vertical tailfin, a rudder, ailerons, horizontal stabilizers, and fuel tanks located at the square tips. The tandem seating configuration accommodates two crew members: typically, a student and an instructor. Each position is equipped with ejection seats sourced from Martin-Baker. The rear seat is slightly raised to provide better all-around visibility and facilitate the supervision of a student pilot in the front seat. The crew is equipped with avionics that enable flying in poor weather conditions. The forward position includes a radio altimeter and a gyro-gunsight.
For combat missions, the G-4 Super Galeb can be fitted with a centerline-mounted gun pod housing a twin-barrel 23mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L cannon, capable of carrying up to 200 rounds. Additionally, four hardpoints are located under the wings. The inboard pair has a capacity of 770 pounds (350 kg), while the outboard pair can hold 550 pounds (250 kg). These hard points can accommodate a range of armaments and equipment from both Western and Eastern European sources. The inboard pylons are equipped to carry 70-gallon external fuel tanks, and a locally developed reconnaissance pod was also in development at one point.
Powering the G-4 Super Galeb is a single Rolls-Royce Viper turbojet engine sourced from Britain. Over time, the aircraft’s performance has been significantly enhanced by adopting the more powerful Rolls-Royce Viper 632-46 engine. For additional performance, attachment points for jet-assisted take-off (JATO) rockets are present underneath the fuselage. To reduce landing distances, a drogue parachute can be deployed. The engine can be accessed directly by removing the rear fuselage forward of the fin.
Operational history
In the early 1990s, Yugoslavia initiated an upgrade program for its G-4 Super Galeb fleet. The primary focus of this program was the integration of new air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, improved aiming capabilities, enhancements to increase engine reliability, and upgraded electronics. These modifications aimed to enhance the aircraft’s combat capabilities and overall performance.
During the Yugoslav Wars, the G-4 Super Galeb was actively involved in numerous combat missions. It is reported that three G-4s were shot down during these operations, but fortunately, all pilots could eject safely. The Yugoslav Wars led to the breakup of Yugoslavia into multiple smaller nations, with each nation inheriting a portion of the former Yugoslavian aircraft inventory.
A mesmerizing sight as three Soko G-4 Super Galebs of the Serbian Air Force gracefully maneuver in formation flight, showcasing their precision and teamwork in 2017 (Photo: Vojska Srbije)
During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, seven G-4 Super Galebs belonging to the ZVEZDA aerobatics team were destroyed at Golubovci Air Base. This significant loss heavily impacted the team, leading to its disbandment in 1999. However, a group of Serbian aviation enthusiasts later formed a new display team. This new team utilizes older Soko G-2 Galebs, previously withdrawn from service in the 1980s.
Since 2008, the Serbian Air Force, being the largest operator of the G-4 Super Galeb, has proposed a comprehensive upgrade program for their remaining G-4Ms. The planned upgrade, known as G4-MD, primarily focuses on integrating new avionics for improved navigation, enhanced control systems, and the integration of new combat systems. These upgrades are expected to extend the aircraft’s service life until the 2030s.
To expand its operational fleet, Serbia has acquired additional G-4 Super Galebs from other former Yugoslavian republics through various means, often involving bartering and negotiation.
Variants
The G-4 series consists of different aircraft models, including:
G-4 Galeb
85 advanced jet trainers and light ground-attack aircraft were produced and deployed.
G-4Š
Five aircraft were manufactured as unarmed jet trainers.
G-4T
Three aircraft were dedicated target tug models.
G-4M
This variant is based on six G-4 Super Galeb and features upgraded avionics, additional hardpoints, and missile rails added to the wingtips. The avionics package includes a Zrak ENP-MG4 Heads-Up Display (HUD) with a Rudi Cajavec ENS-MG4 electronic sight, gyro platform, multi-function displays, and optional chaff/flare dispensers. The inner hardpoints have a capacity of 500 kg, while the outer hardpoints can carry up to 350 kg, resulting in a maximum disposable load of 1,800 kg. The normal takeoff weight is 4,971 kg in the trainer configuration, while the attacker configuration allows a maximum takeoff weight of 6,400 kg.
In the “clean” configuration, the aircraft achieves a maximum speed of 865 km/h at 10,000 m and 900 km/h at 4,000 m. It has a ferry range of 2,900 km with drop tanks, a range of 1,800 km with standard fuel, reduced to 1,200 km when carrying a cannon pack, four BL755 cluster bombs, and two air-to-air missiles. Other performance features include a maximum rate of climb at sea level of 1,800 m per minute and a service ceiling of 12,500 m.
G-4MD
This model represents a modernized version of the 15 G-4 Super Galebs currently in service with the Serbian Air Force, while the remaining nine aircraft remain unmodified. The G-4MD upgrade includes various enhancements such as LCD flight screens, Hands-On Throttle and Stick (HOTAS) controls, HUD, integrated mission computers, distance measuring equipment, GPS-based navigation systems, identification friend or foe capabilities, nav comm units, mission records, and VHF Omni range and instrument landing systems. Integrating guided weapons, countermeasures, and targeting systems is also scheduled for this comprehensive upgrade program.
9.88 m / 32 ft 5 in length including probe 12.25 m / 40 ft 2.25 in height 4.30 m / 14 ft 1.25 in
Weight (empty):
3,172 kg / 6,993 Ib
Weight (combat):
4,760 kg (10,494 lb)
Max. flight mass:
6300 kg / 13,889 Ib
Maximum speed:
491 kt / 665 mph / 1,070 km/h
Range:
1,900 km / 1,180 miles
Armament:
provision for one 23-mm GSh-23L two-barrel cannon with 200 rounds; provision for 2053 kg (4,526 Ib) of disposable stores, including AAMs, bombs, cluster bombs, dispenser weapons, napalm tanks, large-caliber rockets, rocket-launcher pods, drop tanks and ECM pods, carried on four external hardpoints
Equipment:
provision for one 23-mm GSh-23L two-barrel cannon with 200 rounds; provision for 2053 kg (4,526 Ib) of disposable stores, including AAMs, bombs, cluster bombs, dispenser weapons, napalm tanks, large-caliber rockets, rocket-launcher pods, drop tanks, and ECM pods, carried on four external hardpoints
Operators:
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Myanmar, Montenegro, Serbia
The Soko G-3 Galeb (eng. Seagull), an improved version of the G-2 Galeb aircraft, emerged as a significant milestone in the aviation industry during the late 1960s. Developed by the design team of the Soko factory, the G-3 Galeb was an independent project with a specific focus on export prospects. With enhanced features, including a more powerful engine, improved maneuverability, and advanced instrumentation, the G-3 Galeb aimed to captivate potential buyers worldwide.
Development
In November 1969, the Soko company developed an upgraded version of the G-2 Galeb aircraft, leveraging the success of its export ventures. The design team at the Soko factory, entrusted with this endeavor, initiated an independent project that was distinct from the oversight of the General Staff of the JNA (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija; eng. Yugoslav’s People Army) and the Federal Secretariat for National Defense. The project was primarily export-oriented, emphasizing the importance of attracting international buyers.
G-2 Galeb with YU-YAB registration during the Airshow in Novi Sad (Photo: Wiki Commons)
Design
The G-3 Galeb incorporated several notable improvements over its predecessor. The front end of the G-2 Galeb was combined with the rear end of the J-21 Jastreb, creating an aesthetically pleasing and aerodynamically efficient design. The new aircraft featured a more powerful engine, significantly improving maneuverability, take-off, and landing characteristics. Additionally, the fuel capacity of the wing discard tanks was increased to compensate for the higher fuel consumption.
The pilot’s cabin received an upgrade, including the introduction of modern equipment, devices, and improved instrument panels. The introduction of cabin conditioning aimed to enhance the overall comfort of flight conditions. Structural reinforcements were also made to accommodate the increased total weight of the aircraft. These modifications designated the transformed G-2 Galeb as the G-3 Galeb.
The G-3 Galeb was an independent export project of the Soko factory. G-3 Galeb, serial number 23003, showcasing a view of the airplane cabin (Photo: Soko)
First Flight and Specification
On August 19, 1970, the G-3 Galeb made its maiden flight, marking a significant milestone in its development. The official records of the flight noted that the aircraft bore serial number 49 and was produced by Soko. Its military designation was N-60, designed as a school-combat jet. The registration number for this specific aircraft was 23003, and it was completed in the year 1970.
Unique Appearance and Armament
The G-3 Galeb prototype numbered 23003, sported a distinctive white paint scheme with red undersurfaces and tip-tanks. A striking red line extended from the nose to the exhaust port. This color scheme eventually became the standard for subsequent prototypes tested at the VOC (Aviation Test Center) and was adopted by acro-group aircraft in the 1970s.
Regarding armament, the G-3 Galeb was equipped with two 12.7 mm Colt-Browning AN-M-3 machine guns with 80 rounds each located in the nose. The aircraft also featured armament racks under its wings, capable of carrying various missiles, aerial bombs, and launchers. Its gyroscopic Thomson-CSF RY-22 sight facilitated accurate targeting.
At the air show held at Le Bourget airport near Paris in June 1971, the new Galeb stood out with its characteristic paint scheme. The number 938 was prominently displayed on the front part of the fuselage, below the cabin and in front of the intake. (Photo: J.F. Gueguin)
Testing and Legacy
Although the G-3 Galeb did not achieve significant success in the market due to the demand for more modern aircraft, it played a crucial role as a testing platform at the VOC. The aircraft enabled the launch and programming of the PRM-200 missile target. Furthermore, it served as a developmental platform for the G-2AE aircraft, designed for export purposes. The G-2AE boasted an air-conditioned cabin and utilized the same engine as the other G-2A aircraft, the Viper 11 Mk 22-6.
Following the conclusion of its testing phase, the G-3 Galeb was repurposed as a teaching tool and transferred to the School Center in Rajlovac. Before this transition, it was restored to its original G-2A standard while maintaining its original engine. The aircraft underwent repainting in a camouflage scheme. The G-3 Galeb ultimately found itself on the grassy part of Butmir Airport in 1993, where it was last spotted and photographed.
The fate of the G-3 aircraft mirrored that of the country in which it was manufactured. The Galeb G-3 aircraft, identified by serial number 23003, rests on the grassy section of Sarajevo’s Butmir airport, seemingly abandoned. In the background, the airport’s control tower is visible. (Photo: Nick Weight / December 23, 1993)
Technical specifications
Country of origin:
Yugoslavia
Manufacturer:
SOKO Mostar, Yugoslavia
Introduced in service:
Only prototype
Engine:
One Rolls-Royce Viper 20F-20 Mk 532 turbojet engine with a static thrust of 1540 kg. Two rubber tanks in the hull have a total capacity of 920 liters of fuel. At the ends of the wings are two removable supplementary tanks with a capacity of 270 liters of fuel each, making the total fuel capacity 1460 liters. It can use launch rockets.
Wingspan:
11.7 m
Length:
10.3 m
Weight (empty):
2930 kg
Weight (combat configuration):
3980 kg
Max. flight mass:
4808 kg
Maximum speed (alt. 6000 m):
840 km/h
Max. permissible Mach number:
0.8
Climbing speed:
30.5 m/sec
Operational flight height:
12,000 m
Required runway length:
465 m
Range (alt. 6,000 m):
1,040 m
Armament:
Same as those used in G-2A Galeb, and missile and bomber equipment is the same as in J-21 Jastreb. Thomson-CSF RY-22 gyroscope.
Equipment:
VHF radio station, VOR/ILS, radio beacon marker, radio compass, radio altimeter. Full IFR instrumentation with a spherical pointer and gyro platform. The cabin is equipped with air conditioning. Towing equipment and a system for self-starting the engine are included.
Single-engine school-combat two-seater. Basic structural characteristics are the same as in Soko G-2A Galeb, with an air-conditioned cabin
Newly formed in 2020, the 21st Special Reconnaissance Detachment was created to take on the Special Reconnaissance role within the Special Operations Regiment. Special Reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from Paracommando units or military intelligence organizations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy.
Introduction
Developments over the past year in Ukraine have shown that the art of Special Reconnaissance still plays a crucial role on the modern warfare battlefield. The success of any operation depends on solid reconnaissance work. Within the Special Operations Regiment, few roles are as demanding as the role of Special Reconnaissance Operator and require a special kind of person to get through the selection process.
Operators from the Special Operations Regiment holding position during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
Task and missions
The mission of a Special Reconnaissance team is to deploy rapidly and undetected by any means (land, sea, air), anytime and anywhere, into combat and hostile environments to conduct multi-domain reconnaissance and surveillance across the spectrum of any conflict. They aim to obtain, transmit, and action strategic, operational, and tactical intelligence information to achieve information superiority for the successful execution of joint force objectives.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment with NVGs during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
Basic Reconnaissance Course 23 (BSRC23)
The Special Reconnaissance career field is small and selective. To become a ‘Special Recondo’, you will undergo approximately 2,5 months of reconnaissance training. The BSRC23 is the 2nd, improved edition of this course, which offers members of 3 Para and 2 Commando the opportunity to become part of the Special Reconnaissance Detachment.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment looking through the binoculars during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
After succeeding in the BSRC, you will undergo extensive skill training for approximately 2 years of training and learning to operate at the highest level. The BSRC23 will assess candidates based on several factors and selects them if found suitable for conducting special reconnaissance missions. Only the most dedicated, team-oriented candidates will be selected. The course prepares candidates physically and mentally for the rigors of the Special Reconnaissance career field.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment with binoculars during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
Special Reconnaissance team members are among the most highly trained personnel in the Belgian military. The instructors provide no encouragement or criticism. This can be a marked contrast from the candidate’s experience in their former unit. The demands of life in a Special Reconnaissance team require each candidate to be 100% self-motivated.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment with a machine gun during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
The BSRC will start with a selection week. Candidates will complete physical, cognitive, and psychological tests. Candidates deemed fit may proceed to follow the rest of the course. Due to the isolated nature of a job within Special Reconnaissance, you will be assessed on your navigation skills. This course is designed to test the candidates’ endurance and map-reading skills. This is a go or no-go criterion crucial for passing the selection. The course also consists of technical and tactical weeks in which the objective is to learn and assimilate dismounted Special Reconnaissance TTPs and SOPs.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment planning movement during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
A decent level of the English language is an additional mandatory criterion to pass the course successfully. This is a mandatory criterion to pass the course while working alongside joint and coalition SOF partners. Candidates will be evaluated on their character, personality, and professionalism throughout the course. The Special Reconnaissance team members provide more than environmental reconnaissance. Therefore this course is designed to push the candidates’ mental and physical fortitude to a limit.
During the BSRC and daily teamwork, you must show professionalism, willingness, and eagerness to learn and improve. Make sure you drive values like integrity, honesty, and respect. Next to these qualities, you must show high dedication to the teams.
An operator from the Special Operations Regiment posing for a photo during the Basic Reconnaissance Course 2023 (Photo: Michiel Peeters)
The Special Reconnaissance career field will allow you to work in small, dedicated, and well-equipped teams. Make sure you can expand your knowledge and gain unique experiences. Last, but not least, take on big responsibilities.
“The price of greatness is responsibility”
I want to thank the PAO of 3 Para and the 21st Special Reconnaissance Detachment members for their hospitality and support in creating this article.
